Occupied Istanbul: Urban Politics, Culture and Society, 1918-1923
On the morning of 16 March 1920, British military forces, which had been present in Istanbul alongside wartime allies France, Italy and Greece since November 1918, conducted a series of arrests of high profile former and serving Ottoman officials and officers, took control of multiple government ministries, and declared martial law. It was not until 6 October 1923 that Allied forces departed the city.
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